URLs for A “Pre-History” & a Foundational Context:

• This post is the main post on a Pre-History & a Foundational context of the Field of AI. In this post a narrative is constructed surrounding the “Pre-History”. It links with the following posts:
• The post here is a first and very short linking with on Literature, Mythology & Arts as one of the foundational contexts of the Field of AI
• The second part in the contextualization is the post touching on a few attributes from Philosophy, Psychology and Linguistics
• Following, one can read about very few attributes picked up on from Control Theory as contextualizing to the Field of AI
• Cognitive Science is the fourth field that is mapped with the Field of AI.
• Mathematics & Statistics is in this writing the sixth area associated as a context to the Field of AI
• Other fields contextualizing the Field of AI are being considered (e.g. Data Science & Statistics, Economy, Engineering fields)

04 — The Field of AI: A Foundational Context: Cognitive Science

Cognitive Science

Cognitive Science combines various fields of academic research into one.[1] This is therefore called an interdisciplinary field, or even more coherently integrated into one: a transdisciplinary field with possibly the involvement of non-academic participants.[2] It touches on the fields of anthropology, psychology, neurology or neuro sciences, biology, health sciences, philosophy, linguistics, computer sciences, and so on.

The work by Roger Shepherd or by Terry Winograd[3] or David Marr, among many others, is considered to have been crucial in the development of this academic field.[4] It is also claimed that Noam Chomsky, as well as the founders of the field of AI, had a tremendous influence on the development of Cognitive Science.[5] The links between the field of Cognitive Science and the field of AI are noticeable in a number of research projects (e.g. see a future post on AGI) and publications.[6]

It is the field that scientifically studies the biological “mental operations” (human and other) as well as the processes and its attributes assigned to or associated with “thinking” and the acquisition of or processes of “language”, “consciousness”, “perception”, “memory”, “learning”, “understanding”, “knowledge”, “creativity”, “emotions”, “mind”, “intelligence”, “motor control,” “vision,” models of intentional processes, the application of Bayesian methods to mental processes or other intellectual functions.[7] Any of these and related terms, through scientific lenses –while seemingly obvious in meaning in a daily use– are very complex, if not debated or contested[8]. The field does research and developments of the “mental architecture” which includes a model both of “information processing and of how the mind is organized.”[9]

Hence, the need for fields such as Cognitive Science. Since these areas are implying different systems, the need for various fields (or disciplines) being a source for Cognitive Science is not only inevitable, it is necessary. The contexts of each individual system (or field, or discipline) is potentially the core research area of a field covering another system. As suggested above, this implies an overlap and integration of other systems (or fields or disciplines, etc.) into one. Following, this requires an increased scientific awareness and practice of inter-dependence between fields of research.

Cognitive Science has developed advances in computational modeling, the creation of cognitive models and the study of computational cognition.[10]

The field of AI, through its history, found inspiration in Cognitive Science for its study of artificial systems. One example is the loose analogy with neurons (i.e. some of the cells making up a brain) and with neural networks (i.e. the connection of such cells) for its mathematical models.

To some extent an AI researcher could take the models distilled, following research in Cognitive Science, for their own research in artificial systems. The bridge between the two are arguably the models and specifically the mathematical models.

Simultaneously, researchers in Cognitive Science can also use solutions found in the field of AI to conduct their research.

Research in Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) partially aims to recreate functions and the implied processes with their This is achieved by firstly inhibiting c-GMP molecules which causes release of nitric oxide in the penile tissues can lead to an outflow of blood from the heart to the body) and Veins (that carry blood back to the heart). generic viagra from usa cute-n-tiny.com There are many results that say that pharmacy online viagra http://cute-n-tiny.com/cute-animals/my-cute-new-kitten/attachment/lilububbles/ knowing the reason for erection along with the usage of kamagra tablets. This type of ED in men with 30s last for a few tadalafil 5mg days only and would not need any sort of medical assistance. It viagra mastercard españa really is through this manner that human being is capable of reproduce. output, which Cognitive Science studies in biological neural networks (i.e. brains).

Some have argued that the field of AI is a sub-field of the field of Cognitive Science, many do not subscribe to this notion. [11] The argument has been made since in the field of AI one can find the research of processes that are innate to the processes found in a brain: sound pattern recognition, speech recognition, object recognition, gesture recognition, and so on which are in turn studied in other fields, such as Cognitive Science. It is more commonly agreed that AI is a sub-field of Computer Science. Still, as stated in the opening lines of this chapter, many do agree with the strong interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary links between the two.[12]

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[1] Bermudez J.L.(2014). Cognitive Science. An Introduction to the Science of the Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 2 Retrieved on March 23, 2020 from https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/textbooks/cognitivescience

[2] https://semanticcomputing.wixsite.com/website-4

[3] He conducted some of his work at the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) research program. See Winograd, T. (1972). Understanding Natural Language. In Cognitive Psychology; Volume 3, Issue 1, January 1972, pp. 1 – 191. Boston: MIT; Online” Elsevier. Retrieved on March 25, 2020 from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0010028572900023   

[4] Bermudez J.L.(2014). pp. 3, 16, and on.

[5] Thagard, Paul, (Spring 2019 Edition). Cognitive Science. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Online: Stanford University. Retrieved on March 23, 2020 from https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/cognitive-science/

[6] Gurumoorthy, S. et al. (2018). Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence: Advances and Applications. Springer

[7] Green, C. D. (2000). Dispelling the “Mystery” of Computational Cognitive Science. History of Psychology, 3(1), 62–66.

[8] Crowther-Heyck, H. (1999). George A. Miller, language, and the computer metaphor and mind. History of Psychology, 2(1), 37–64

[9] Bermudez J.L.(2014). p. xxix

[10] Houdé, O., et al (Ed.). (2004). Dictionary of cognitive science; neuroscience, psychology, artificial intelligence, linguistics, and philosophy. New York and Hove: Psychology Press;  Taylor & Francis Group.

[11] Zimbardo, P., et al. (2008). Psychologie. München: Pearson Education.

[12]An example thereof is the Bachelor of Science program in “Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence” at the Tilburg University, The Netherlands. Retrieved on March 23, 2020 from  https://www.tilburguniversity.edu/education/bachelors-programs/cognitive-science-and-artificial-intelligence